econlife - A Simple Look at the World’s Most Complex Economies by Elaine Schwartz

Harvard’s Atlas of Economic Complexity is very aware that toothpaste isn’t just toothpaste. It represents knowledge about sodium fluoride, the germs that create bad breath, and how to fill 180 tubes a minute:

The Atlas of Economic Complexity

At Harvard’s Growth Lab, a group of scholars developed the Atlas of Economic Complexity. Their goal was to display the “knowledge intensity” of a country’s exports. They were really just looking at land, labor, and capital. Asking if the nation’s goods and services came from factors of production that required lots of knowhow, they created a metric that compared 133 nations’ exports.

Their algorithm relates to complexity and connectedness. Calling an economy a “collection of capabilities,” they believed that complexity reflected the past innovation and the potential for future invention that fuels economic growth. But also they said you need “connectedness” so that one innovation leads to another one. Making computer components could lead to making computers. But mining could be a dead end.

The creators of the Atlas assumed that a country’s exports can be used to picture the level of that country’s knowhow. If you assemble an iPhone then you need one set of capabilities. But if you design it, you have different human and physical capital. And leaping to cotton exports, we would find a completely different network of capabilities.

Based on the trade patterns of 6,000 products, these are the top 10 in the Atlas’s complexity ranking. The U.S. is #12 while China has the #19 spot:

U.S. China Trade Talks

China has gotten an A+ in the Atlas’s algorithm. Evolving from textiles to electronics and machinery, China’s diversity facilitated its growth. Recently adding 54 new products, it has a platform for future growth that augments what its GDP says. While China’s GDP makes it the 55th richest nation in the world, its complexity index pushes it much higher.

A WSJ writer suggests that U.S. trade negotiators should have recognized China’s more complex exports. Instead of focusing on commodities, it’s the higher value of their goods that will shape (and threaten) our future trade relationship.

Our Bottom Line: Adam Smith

We could relate the complexity index back to Adam Smith’s description of a market system and his Wealth of Nations (1776). Whether looking back at 1776 or now, a factory’s division of labor is a crucial component of the market system because of what it procreates. Division of labor encourages expertise. When people concentrate on making one product they become better at it. They wind up with a springboard from which they invent new and better things. At the same time, the workers become increasingly affluent consumers with the incomes they receive. David Ricardo then added that the specialization we wind up with can lead to the benefits of comparative advantage. With comparative advantage, if nations make the items for which they have a lower opportunity cost, then everyone becomes more productive. And, it all began with division of labor.

For us it takes us to where we began. Even toothpaste can generate the knowhow that produces diversity and growth.

My sources and more: It’s wonderful how two seemingly separate stories can come together. Several days ago, I listened to an ABC Radio podcast on Australia’s export complexity. Then yesterday, WSJ connected the same complexity Atlas to U.S. China trade talks. Hoping to learn more about the Atlas, I went to the NY Times, and The Washington Post and the Harvard Gazette. But to have the most fun, do go to the Atlas and play with its interactive tools.

Our featured image is the Atlas’s graphic of U.S. exports in 2017. The largest square, ICT, refers to Information and Communication Technology.

Ideal for the classroom, econlife.com reflects Elaine Schwartz’s work as a teacher and a writer. As a teacher at the Kent Place School in Summit, NJ, she’s been an Endowed Chair in Economics and chaired the history department. She’s developed curricula, was a featured teacher in the Annenberg/CPB video project “The Economics Classroom,” and has written several books including Econ 101 ½ (Avon Books/Harper Collins). You can get econlife on a daily basis! Head to econlife.

econlife - econlife Quiz: Do You Know Your Baseball Economics

With the baseball season soon to start, the econlife team is looking at the money, the players, and even the music in our latest quiz.

Our sources and more: Forbes, Statista for MLB ticket prices, Statista for average MLB player ages, hot-dog.org, Reuters, The Hardball Times, MLB.com, Mental Floss, and one of our own econlife blogs on umpire decision-making.

econlife - Why Tomatoes are Controversial by Elaine Schwartz

Texas and Ohio call the tomato their state fruit. But in New Jersey, it’s the state vegetable.

Where are we going? To why people care about what we call a tomato.

A Supreme Court Decision

Because of the Tariff of 1883, an importer’s tomatoes had been slapped with a 10% tax on vegetables. Objecting, he said those tomatoes are a fruit and not subject to the levy.

The case went all the way to the Supreme Court. In 1893, the Court did agree that scientifically the tomato was a fruit. However, all that mattered was common usage. Because the tomato was commonly perceived as a vegetable, it was a vegetable.

In the words of the Court, “Botanically speaking, tomatoes are the fruit of the vine, just as are cucumbers, squashes, beans and peas. But in the common language of the people…all these vegetables [like tomatoes]…are usually served at dinner…and not, like fruits, generally as dessert.”

  

School Lunches

The tomato debate continued into the 20th century when the USDA proclaimed ketchup a vegetable in 1981. Even Senator John Heinz (yes that Heinz… from the Heinz ketchup company) disagreed. Saying ketchup was a condiment, he continued, “This is one of the most ridiculous regulations I ever heard of, and I suppose I need not add that I know something about ketchup and relish — or did at one time.”

Although the USDA reversed its position, the debate continued. In 2011, a Senate bill said that the tomato paste on pizza could be counted as a school lunch vegetable.

NAFTA

Now tomatoes are making international trade news again. But this time, a group of Florida growers wants tariffs. Because Mexican tomatoes can be cheap and because Mexico has a better climate for growing tomatoes, U.S. farmers are asking for protection. Otherwise they say that their industry cannot survive.

Our Bottom Line: Comparative Advantage

Hearing about growing and eating tomatoes, 19th century economist David Ricardo would ask us to remember comparative advantage. He would say that because Mexico produces tomatoes with the lower opportunity cost, it should export them to the U.S. Through free trade world productivity will increase, every nation will benefit,…

And school lunches will cost less.

My sources and more: Isn’t it surprising that the tomato is rather controversial? This Washington Post Wonkblog and the Atlantic have great stories of past conflicts. Then National Geographic  has the scientific details and another Washington Post article looks at NAFTA. And finally, if you want to read more, here is the summary of the Supreme Court tomato case.

Ideal for the classroom, econlife.com reflects Elaine Schwartz's work as a teacher and a writer. As a teacher at the Kent Place School in Summit, NJ, she’s been an Endowed Chair in Economics and chaired the history department. She’s developed curricula, was a featured teacher in the Annenberg/CPB video project “The Economics Classroom,” and has written several books including Econ 101 ½ (Avon Books/Harper Collins). You can get econlife on a daily basis! Head to econlife.